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CLINICAL STUDY ON15 CASES OF HEMOPHAGOCYT- IC SYNDROMEWang Baoyan (王宝燕), Zheng Chengyun( 郑成云),Chen Xuemin(陈学民), Li Gang(李 刚)*, Han Yunfeng((韩云峰),Liu Shaanxi(刘陕西) Department of Hematology,First Affiliated Hospital,Xi'an Medical University,Xi'an 710061
Abstract 15 cases of hemophagocytic syndrome(HS)have been investigated in recent 5 years. We found that the underlying causes of HS existed broadly including virus infections(hepatitis virus,cy- tomegalovirus,influenza),bacteria infections(tubercle bacillus,pneumococcus,bacillus pyocya- neus,etc.),fungus infection and tumors(multiple myeloma,lymphomas).The major manifesta- tions were as follows:fever,fatigue,lymphadenovarix,hematosplenomegaly,pancytopenia in pe- ripheral blood, histocyte hyperlasia and histocytosis in bone marrow.7 HS cases with nonfatal infec- tion and tumors recovered. In order to improve the correct diagnosis level and decrease mortality of HS,we discussed the possible mechanism of the onset of HS and its underlying causes. Key word hemophagocytic syndrome; clinical;study
Hemophagocytic syndrom(HS)is a kind of disorder characterized by histocyte proliferation which phagocytoses bload cells. Since it was introduced by Risdall in 1979,many scientists at home and abroad have paid much attention to it.We report- ed,in this article,15 cases of HS diag- nosed and treated in our hospital from 1990 to 1995,and discussed its possible causes concerned,and possible mechanism so as to improve our knowledge of hemophagocytic syndrom. CLINICAL MATERIALS 1 General data 15 patients with HS,9 males,6 females,age ranged from 14 to 50 years,the average age was 37 years.All patients who were diagnosd by marrow aspirate or biopsy were inpatients of our hospitals. 2 Underlying causes 2.1 Underlying disease(Table 1) Table 1 Underlying diseases of 13 cases of HS
HV—hepatitis virus,TB-tuberculosis,MI—mixed infection,MM—multiple myeloma 2.2 Types of viruses and bacteria (Table 2)
· Department of Hematology,Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital,Xi'an 710068 (C)1994-2021 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved. http://www.cnk
Table 2 Viruses and Bacteria of 9 patients
3 Clinical features 3.1 Signs and symptoms Virus in- fection,bacteria infection and lymphoma- associated patients had high fever,fa- tigue, lymphadenovarix and hep- atosplenomegaly. Multiple myeloma-asso- ciated patients had fever,dizziness,and did not have lymphadenovarix and hep- atosplenomegaly,One of the two patients with unknown underlying diseases owned the typical manifestation of HS,the other only had fever and weakness. 3.2 Laboratory test Pancytopenia of peripheral blood was found in every pa- tient. Hemoglobin(Hb)fron 40g/L to 90g/L,platelet count from 35×10⁹/L to 78×109/L. Leukocyte count ranged from 0.5×109/L to 3.8×109/L with lower per- centage of neutrophils and higher percent- age of lymphocytes. 3 patients with higher glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT). Bone marrow aspirate test All 15 cases shared the similar features: histo- cytes and monocytes hyperplasia with low nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio; phagocytosis of blood cells including erythrocytes,leuko- cytes and plateletes(the major victim was red blood cells). Normal number of megakaryocytes in 10 cases, megakary- ocyte hyperplasia in 4 cases,lower numder of megakaryocyte in 1 case. Every smear —81— of 15 HS cases had 10 to 33 hemophago- cytes.The number of hemophagocytes in each smear of infection group(9 cases)and non-infection group(4 cases)was 24.78± 6.94,14.25±2.63 respectively.The re- sult was not analysed statistically due to limited cases. 3.3 Prognosis Of 15 patients,2 pa- tients with unknown underlying causes and 1 with cytomegalovirus infection were dis- charged from hospital of their own will. 2 patients with bacillus pyocyaneus and fun- gus infections died of disseminated in- travascular coagulation(DIC),2 died of septiceamia.1 with multiple myeloma died of acute left heart failure. with the treat- ment and remission of underlying disease or infections,the other 7 patients with HS recovered. Underlying causes of 7 HS pa- tients recovered were as follows: lym- phomas, pneumonia,lung tuberclosis, hepatitis and influenza.
DISCUSSION 15 patients with hemophagocytic syn- drome were investigated in this article. The disease causes of two cases were un- clear,But,the major underlying disease causes of the other 13 cases were as fol- lows: virus infection,bacteria infection, fungi infection and tumors(lymphoma and multiple myeloma). Risdall named the hemopagocytic syndrome caused by virus as virus-associated hemophagocytic syn- drome(VAHS),and that caused by bacte- ria as bacteria-associated hemophagocytic syndrome(BAHS)127.According to'the report,cytomegalovirus(CMV),Epstein- Barr virus(EBV),hepatitis virus,in-
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fluenza virus and adenovirus are major viruses of VAHS. Tuberculosis,gram- negative bacteria,fungi are recognized as causes of BAHS31.It was reported that there was difference between VAHS and BAHS in clinical manifestation. The virus- associated cases often manifested viral pneumonitis,skin rash,lymphadenovarix and hepatosplenomegaly. High fever was common in all VAHS. On the contrary, bacteria-associated cases often had low- grade fever,and some were afebrile. Lym- phadenovarix and hepatosplenomegaly were common in children,but uncommon in adults[3].However,in this article,each of 15 HS cases had high fever,12 cases had lymphadenovarix and hep- atosplenomgaly. So the results was not completely compatible with the report abroad,but agreed with the internal re- portsc:]. The patients with HS have fever(an- ti-infection therapy has no effection),pan- cytopenia,hepatosplenomegaly,and lym- phadenovarix. These manifestations are much similar to those of malignant histo- cytosis(MH).The main difference is that multi-nucleated megalocaryocytes and lots of abnormal histocytes can be found in bone marrow smears of patients with MH. Inducing factors of HS are not com- pletely clear for the present.It is believed that the immunity deficiency is one of the main inducing factors. Risdall reported that 14 of 19 cases of VAHS had immunity suppression. All the 14 patients had the history of using prednisone or(and)aza- thioprine. After stopping using these drugs and accepting supportive treatment,
the patients recoveredt5];EB virus is an potent stimulator of immune system, which can induce immunoblastic cells pro- liferation,activate histocytes and produce cellular factors. Some scientists also found that the ratio of helper T cell and suppres- sive T cell decreased in patients with VAHS[6]. Temporary immunity disfunc- tion may be the inducing factor of HS. For example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)can precede onset of HS. The pa- tients with tuberculosis septicopyemia, simmultaniously with BAHS own low im- munoreaction of immunocytes in focal necrosis site and negative result of purified protein derivative(PPD)test,which re- flect that the patient is in status of im- munologic unresponse. The more cases of HS were reported, the more underlying diseases of HS were found. Besides virus infection, bacteria in- fection,lymphoma, multiple myeloma, the other tumors and parasites all can pre- cede the onset of HS. We found,in this article,the number of hemophagocytes in each bone marrow smear of infection group was more than that of non-infection group. In addition to this,the underlying diseases of 7 recovered patients with HS belonged to unfatal infections and tumors. We may conclude that the prognosis of HS is related to the underlying causes. The essence of HS is a reactive histiocytosis,it belongs to benign diseases.So correct di- agnosis is most important. Improving our understanding of hemophagocytic syn- drome is helpful to diagnosing it and re- ducing its mortality. (Continue to P 90)
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flammatory exudation. Chymotrypsin could rapidly decompose and absorb pro- teins,improve local stagnation of blood, resist inflammation,prevent local edema, facilitate the wound healing. Lidocain could stop pain promptly.Piroxicame had distinct effect of anti-inflammation,seda- tion,and detumescence.High dose calci- um and vitamine Dzimproved the healing of pubic symphysis separation. This group of drugs had been used in compatibility with a satisfactory clinical results of treat- ment. According to the traditional conserva- tive therapy,patients are asked to rest in bed for a long time,and neoplasty may re- sult in a great danger of traumatic infection in the symphysis pubis[5]. Besides,pa- tients have to suffer from the operative pain during puerperal. These are not bene- ficial to the recovery of patients after deliv- ery. The treating method stated in this pa- per is easy to master and use.No compli- cations. The time for hospitalization is short. We expect that this new method will be approved by other obstetricians. REFERENCES 1 Czekanowski R,Chlabicz P.A case of pubic symphysis separation.Pol Tyg Lek,1994;49 (8):203 2 Senechal P K. Symphysis pubis separation during childbirth.J Am Board Fam Pract, 1994:7(2);141 3 陈继华.耻骨联合缝隙回波描记诊断孕期及分 娩后耻骨联合损伤.国外医学(妇产科分册), 1994;21(2);115 4 Ostergaarol M,Bonde B,Thomsen B S. Pelvic insufficiciency during pregnancy:is pelvic girolle relaxation an unambiguous con- cept?.Ugeskr Laeger,1992;154(50):3568 5 Petersen A C,Rasmussen K L.1 External 5 skeletal fixation as treatment for total puer- peral rupture of the pubic symphysis.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scond,1992;71(4):308
(Contiune from P 82)
REFERENCES 1 Risdall R J,Mckenna R W,Nesdit M E,et al. Virus-associated hemophagocytic syn- drone.Cancer,1979;44:993 2 Manvharan A,Painter D.Histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Lancet,1982;2:881 3 Robert J,Risdall RJ,Richard D,et al..Bacte- ria-associated hemophagocytic syndrome.Can- cer,1984;54:2968 4 藏泰川,锵智铭.5例噬血细胞综合征临床分析 .临床血液学杂志,1993;6(3):125 5 廖耀庭.噬血细胞综合征,临床血液学杂志, 1991;4(4):165 6 Jhon L,Sullivan,Bruce A,et al.Epstsein- Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syn- drome:virological and inmnuopathological study.Blood,1985;65(5):1097
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